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From T-2 to supertanker : Development of the Oil Tanker, 1940 - 2000
Livre
Edité par iUniverse : New York - 2006
Description : 1 vol. (XIV-331 p.) ; couv. ill. en noir et blanc, ill. ; 23,5 cm
Mots-clés : exploitation pétrolière ; construction navale ; pétrolier ; histoire maritime ;
Cote : 387.209 SPY
Type de monographie : Livre
Langue du texte : anglais
[Résumé éditeur] From T-2 to Supertanker provides a unique insight into the oil tanker industry's efforts to produce safe and efficient vessels.
Dr. Andrew G. Spyrou believes that marine transportation is the key to effective global shipping, part of which is carrying petroleum by tanker. Enormous changes have taken place in tanker design and construction since World War II. Closure of the Suez Canal on two occasions - 1956 and 1967 - provided the impetus to enlarge the tanker and to improve tanker performance and safety.
The industry' efforts to design and construct today's modern tankers, driven by scale, safety and ecological concerns, have led to ever-larger models. Today's "Very large" and "Ultra large" crude oil carriers represent the most complex mobile steel structures ever developed.
Spyrou discusses how this industry is striving to minimize vital ecological concerns such as oil pollution of the seas, atmospheric pollution by engine exhaust, and contamination of the marin ecosystem. Advances, however, have not been without crises, challenges, and sucesses.
ONE
The T-2 Tanker during World War II and Beyond
Hull Structure of the T-2 tanker
The T-2 Tanker's Propulsion Machinery
Phoenix: The Largest All-Welded Tanker, Built during World War II
TWO
The Suez Canal-Its Influence on Oil Tanker Size
Increase in Tanker Size and Change in Profile
Development of the Supertanker
THREE
The Million-Ton Crude Oil Carrier (Projected)
Hull Design and Cargo Tank Configuration..
The Million-Tonner and the "Squat Phenomenon"
Aesthetics: Deciding the Tanker's Profile
The ULCC Jahre Viking ...
The ULCC Batillus ...
Transporting Crude Oil Using the "Delta" System
A Two-Dimensional Enlargement of Crude Oil Carriers while Afloat
FOUR
Crude Oil (Petroleum) and the Oil Industry
A Brief History of the Nature of Crude Oil
Crude Oil Production
Ocean Transportation of Crude Oil
Global Sea Transportation of Crude Oil
FIVE
Anatomy of an Oil Spill at Sea
The Nature of the Cargo Carried by Tankers
The Case for the U.S.A. Oil Pollution Act of 1990, OPA '90
Requirements for Longitudinal Strength, Plate Thickness, and Periodic Gauging for Certain Tank Vessels
Single-Hulls, Double-Hulls, and OPA '90
The European Union's Phase Out of Single-Hull Tankers
SIX
The Quest for the Environment Friendly Oil Tanker
Atmospheric Pollution by Ships
The Diesel Engine Onboard Ships
Is the Climate Change a Threat to Shipping?
Atmospheric Pollution from Emissions
Establishment of HELMEPA .
Fouling of the Underwater Hull Surface Skin Friction and Antifouling Paints
Tanker Ballast Water Exchange and Its Effect on the Marine Ecosystem
The Global Ballast Water Management Programme
Ballast Water Management ..
Inert Gas
Crude Oil Washing of Cargo Tanks of Crude Oil Carriers
The Load on Top System (LOT)
SEVEN
The Double-Hull Saga and Hull Design Alternatives
Pollution of the Seas by Oil.
The Double-Hull versus the Mid-Deck
Life for Pre-MARPOL Single-Hull Tankers after Twenty-Five Years
New Global Timetable to Phase Out Single-Hull Oil Tankers
Alternative Designs to Double-Hull
The European Double-Hull VLCC "E3"
The Double-Hull Design and Early Concerns
A Safer, Maintenance Friendly Oil Tanker Design
The Double-Hull Tanker Structure
EIGHT
The Quest for the Robust Tanker Hull Structure
Longitudinal Framing of the Cargo Tank Body and the Tanker Hull Design and the Hull Designer
Hull Stress Monitoring.
Tanker Hull Design Engineering
Tanker Hull Structure
Empirical Approach
The Cost and the Risk
Tanker Hull Strength and the U.S. Ship Structure Committee
The Tanker Hull Structure Designer
The Tanker Hull Structure
Hull Structure and Critical Waves
Hull Structural Failure
The Practical Aspect in the Design of Tanker Structure
Dynamic Loading and Strength The VLCC Energy Concentration
Closing Remarks on Tanker Hull Strength
Abnormal Sea Conditions
Sea-Keeping and Hull Motions
Abnormal Sea Waves
Global Wave Statistics
Definitions
NINE
QUEST FOR THE ENERGY EFFICIENT OIL TANKER
The Underwater Hull Form
Electricity Generation to Meet the Tanker's Requirements
Fuel/Energy-Saving Devices
The Contra Rotating Propeller (CRP)
The Off-Center Propeller (NOPS)
Designing the Fuel-Efficient Tanker Hull
Viscous Resistance
The Bulb at the Bow and Stern
The Quest for Greater Propulsive Efficiency
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Propulsion Machinery for Oil Tankers
Diesel-Electric Propulsion
An Integrated Approach to Energy Saving on Board Crude Oil Carriers
Nuclear Energy and Commercial Ships
The Fast (Breeder) Reactor
Trends in Energy and Nuclear Power
The Supply of Nuclear Fuel
The Nuclear Industry's Dilemma
Nuclear Energy and the Shipping Industry
The Nuclear Ship Savannah
The Nuclear Ship Mutsu
Electromagnetic Propulsion
Wind-Assisted Propulsion
The Development of the "Fuel Cell" and Its Application to Ship Propulsion
The Principle of the "Fuel Cell"
Operation of the "Fuel Cell"
Composition of the "Fuel Cell"
How the "Fuel Cell" Works
The "Fuel Cell" Stack
Electricity Production by the "Fuel Cell"
Hydrogen
Characteristics of Hydrogen
Hydrogen's Physical Properties
The Problems Facing the Use of Hydrogen
Safety
Storage
Supply
Hydrogen and Economic Sense
The "Fuel Cell" System for Commercial Ship Propulsion
TEN
The Shipbuilding Industry
The Competitive Challenge for International Shipbuilding Paint Application to New Structures
The European Shipbuilding Industry Today— The Struggle for Survival
Global Shipyard Capacity and Shipyard Output
The Compensated Gross Tonnage (CGT)
ELEVEN
The Use of Steel in Shipbuilding
The Higher Strength Steels
Steel Fatigue Analysis and Hull Design
Fatigue and Brittle Fracture
Steel Corrosion, Prevention, and the Corrosion Margin Steel Surface Preparation Preventing Corrosion
Corrosion Margin (Corrosion Allowance)
Cathodic Protection of Tanker Hull Structure
Electrolytic Descaling of Steel Structure
Electric Arc Welding in Shipbuilding
A Tanker's Operational Life
Life Extension
Tanker Hull Structural Failures
TWELVE
Ship Classification and the Classification Societies
Enter "IACS"-International Association of
Classification Societies
Unified Rules by IACS and Goal-Based Ship Construction
Standards by IMO
IMO's Goal-Based Standards
Enter the International Standards Organization (ISO)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO)
Background Development of the IMO
The Flag State or State of Registry
The Port State
The International Safety Management Code (ISM Code)
THIRTEEN
Redundancy of Propulsion and Steering Equipment
FOURTEEN
Risk Assessment in Ship Design and Operation
The Management of Technical Risk The Management of Business Risk Tolerability of Risk/Permissible Risk
Epilogue
References